The forward movement of science led to the emergence of more advanced industrial devices. These devices had wider applications than their previous versions. For more use, the mechanical structure of the parts of the devices should be changed. New mechanical parts that were produced needed to be lubricated by base oils. Base oils are petroleum derivatives. These products can be used to lubricate mechanical parts such as gears and shafts. According to the API classification system, base oils are divided into five categories. This classification is based on chemical properties by the American Petroleum Institute. The base oil of the third group has better chemical properties than the first and second groups. The fourth category are oils that are synthesized and are not obtained through refining crude oil, and the fifth category includes any oil that is not classified in categories one to four. The second and third group of base oils are high purity oils, that’s why they are more efficient in the industry than the first group. The good antioxidant properties of these two categories make it possible to use oils in any working conditions. In this article, we are going to do a comprehensive and detailed review of the base oils of the second and third groups.
Base Oil Group 3 Products BWP : Base oil 8cst
Comparison of the production process of base oil of the second and third groups
Differences between group 2 and group 3 base oils in the production process is one of the most important differences between the two oils. In the following, we will explain the production process of each one.
The production process of the base oil of the second group
· Distillation of crude oil in the distillation tower
After extraction, crude oil reaches the refineries through high oil pipelines. In this section, crude oil enters the distillation towers and is heated. At different temperatures, each of the oil compounds are separated and evaporated. The reason for this is the difference in the evaporation temperature of petroleum compounds. Each of these compounds forms an oil fraction when evaporated. It is selected for the production of heavy hydrocarbon cutting base oils.
· Solvent treatment
In this section, the selected oil cut is placed in the vicinity of solvents such as furfural. These solvents dissolve aromatic compounds, sulfur compounds and other impurities in them and separate them from the oil fraction.
· Hydrogenation
In this process, hydrogen is added to the oil molecules. This work has caused the saturation of double and triple bonds in hydrocarbon molecules. Compounds that are saturated no longer tend to react with oxygen and nitrogen and have antioxidant properties. Also, the remaining aromatic compounds are also hydrogenated and become saturated compounds.
· Isolation of paraffin compounds
After the above three steps, the paraffin compounds called paraffin wax are still in the composition, and to separate these compounds, the oil is cooled under certain conditions so that these waxes turn into crystals. After solidification, these crystals are separated from the composition. Paraffin compounds are considered valuable products and paraffin wax is produced from them during separate purification.
Base Oil Group 2 Products BWP : Base Oil N500
The third group base oil production process
· Deep distillation
In this section, as before, crude oil is heated and different oil fractions are separated. The difference between this stage and the similar stage of the second group is that more advanced distillation towers are used to distill the base oil of the third group.
· Hydrocracking
At this stage, large hydrocarbon molecules are broken and converted into smaller molecules. Smaller molecules have a more stable structure; This increases the viscosity and antioxidant properties of the oil structure.
· Hydroisomerization
In this step, alkane compounds are converted into alkane isomers. Next, these linear compounds are connected and form alkane branches. The joining of small molecules causes the viscosity to increase. It should be noted that in the previous stage, smaller compounds with relatively good oxidation stability are formed by breaking larger compounds; For this reason, after joining these small structures together, the antioxidant property does not decrease.
· Isolation of paraffin compounds
This stage is not much different from the fourth stage of production of base oil of the second group. The separation of paraffin compounds increases the viscosity index and pour point.
· Solvent refining
Although Group III base oil is generally purer than other groups, a solvent refining process may also be used to completely remove impurities.
· Hydrogenation
In the last step, the base oil undergoes a hydrogenation process to increase its oxidation stability and remove the remaining aromatic compounds.
Comparison: The process of extracting the base oil of the third group is more complicated and longer than the second group. This causes the production cost of the third group oils to increase and the price of the third group base oils in the world markets is higher than the price of the second group base oils.
Comparison of chemical properties of second and third group base oil
Each of the base oil group 2 and 3 has unique chemical properties. In these 6 important chemical properties we will examine. Viscosity at 100 degrees, viscosity index, purity level, antioxidant stability, pour point and flash point are the properties that we compare.
· Viscosity at 100 degrees
The engine temperature of diesel cars while working is usually in the temperature range of 90 to 200 degrees. Therefore, the viscosity of oil at 100 degrees can be a good indicator to compare between oils.
Viscosity at 100 degrees for base oils of the second group
Between 8 and 12 centimetres
Viscosity at 100 degrees for third group base oils
4.2 to 6.3 cm Stokes
· Viscosity index
The higher the viscosity index in the base oil, the less the oil changes viscosity due to heat and high pressure.
The viscosity index of base oils of the second group is 120.
The viscosity index of third group base oils is reported to be 130.
The higher viscosity index of the base oil of the third group shows that the third group has different viscosity changes.
· Purity level
The purity level of base oil of the third group is higher than that of the second group. As you can see, the third group base oil production process was more complex and advanced than the second group, and this increases the purity.
· Oxidation stability
The increase in antioxidant properties occurs when the chemical structures are saturated. Saturation means that the angle of the atoms and the strength of the molecular bonds are such that the oxygen atom is no longer able to react with the solution. Oxidation stability is higher in third group base oils.
· Pour point
Pour point is an important factor for choosing a base oil among customers. Pour point is the minimum temperature at which the oil can flow. This factor is very important for machines that operate at very low temperatures.
Pour point in base oil of the second group: -15 to -30 degrees Celsius
Pour point in third group base oil: -30 to -40 degrees Celsius
· Flash point
The highest temperature before ignition that oil can withstand is called ignition point. Machines that work at high temperatures should use oil that has a high flash point.
Flash point in the base oil of the second group: between 200 and 250 degrees Celsius
Flash point in the base oil of the third group: between 220 and 280 degrees Celsius
Important note: Keep in mind that the properties mentioned above are not exact and you can contact our experts to get detailed information.
Also, compounds that use base oils of the second and third groups do not necessarily have the same characteristics as base oils. The reason for this is the addition of ADDITIVES that change the chemical properties.
Differences between group 2 and group 3 base oils performance
The most common use of base oils is in the production of motor oil. Base oils of the second and third groups are used in the production of motor oils due to their high purity; Of course, these two groups have other uses, which we will discuss further.
Applications of base oils of the second group
· Motor oils
Used in the production of motor oils for passenger and light commercial vehicles.
· Industrial oils
Used in hydraulic systems, compressors, turbines and other industrial equipment.
· Power transmission oils
Used in gearboxes, differentials and other power transmission systems.
· Lubricating oils
In applications that require high quality lubrication and good thermal stability, such as the lubrication of molds and cutting tools, this oil is used as a base composition.
Performance of base oils of the second group
Reduction of friction: due to its high purity and suitable viscosity index, it reduces the friction between parts and increases the efficiency of the system.
· Protection of parts
The base oils of the second group prevent wear and corrosion of parts by forming a resistant oil layer on metal surfaces.
· Good thermal stability
They are more resistant to oxidation and sediment formation and perform better at high temperatures.
· Proper viscosity
Proper viscosity at different temperatures causes better lubrication of parts in different working conditions.
Applications of third group base oils
High Performance Engine Oils: Used in passenger car engines, trucks and heavy industrial equipment.
High temperature industrial oils: used in systems that are exposed to high temperatures, such as gas turbines and air compressors.
High performance hydraulic oils: used in high pressure and high temperature hydraulic systems.
Power transmission oils with high viscosity index: used in gearboxes that work in hard working conditions.
Comparison: third group base oils have the ability to work at very high temperatures. In general, this oil should be used for heavy machines that work at high pressure, such as heavy bulldozers, drilling machines and cylinders with high engine speed. In working conditions where the pressure on the parts is less, you can use the base oil of the second group.
Advantages and disadvantages of second and third group base oils
Apart from the things we mentioned before, two things can be checked: price and access.
Price and availability of base oils of the second group
For companies that have limited budget and do not expect much from machines, it is recommended to use second group base oil.
Also, base oils of the second group are more available than the third group due to the simpler process.
Price and availability of third group base oils
Usually, government companies and companies that do not have budget restrictions use these oils.
These types of oils are not widely available and we need advanced distillation towers to extract them.
For more information, read article linked below:
Difference between base oils, group1 and group2
Effects of second and third group base oils on the environment
Base oils are transported by sea. In case of oil spillage from ships and boats, base oils of the second group may cause more damage to the environment due to having more impurities than the third group in their structure.
The base oils of the third group have less impurities, but because their production and extraction process is more complicated, they consume more energy and leave a larger environmental footprint on the planet.
Conclusion
In this article, we tried to make a comprehensive and complete comparison between two groups of base oils. We discuss about some differences between group 2 and group 3 base oils. Most of the differences were expressed between the base oils of the first and second groups. One thing that should be mentioned is that before buying the base oil, you should contact the experts of the seller’s company to tell them the chemical properties you want and they will introduce the best oil based on your needs. Blackwater company has the ability to produce all types of base oil using advanced equipment. This company cooperates with engineers and specialists to monitor the production process of base oils. Our company’s vision is to deliver products to our customers that have the highest quality and are competitive in global markets. To get more information about our company and products, you can call the company numbers from the foot line below and contact us.
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